Shirky - Here Comes Everybody Exzerpt

Aus Leowiki

• "One obvious lesson is that new technology enables new kinds of group-forming." (p. 17)
• "In a way, every institution lives in a kind of contradiction: it exists to take advantage of group effort, but some of its resources are drained away by directing that effort." (p. 19)
• Birthday paradox (p. 24): "Imagine you are standing in line with thiry-five other people, and to pass the time, the guy in front of you propses a wager. He's willing to bet fifty dollars that no two people in line share birthday. Would you take that bet? (...) In fact, you should take the bet, since you would have better than 80 percent chance of winning fifty dollars."
• "A group's complexity grows faster than its size." (see also figur 2-1 on page 27)
• "The groups of photographers were all latent groups, which is to say groups that existed only in potentia, and too much effort would have been required to turn those latent groups into real ones by conventional means. (...) Flickr escaped those problems, not by increasing its managerial oversight over photographers but by abandoning any hope of such oversight in the first place, instead putting in place tools for the self-synchronization of otherwise latent groups." (p. 38-39)
• "From Sharing to Cooperation to Collective Action" (p. 47)
• "Sharing creates the fewest demands on the participants. Many sharing platforms, such as Flickr, operate in a largely take-it-or-leave-it fashion, which allows for the maximum freedom of the individual to participate while creating the fewest complications of group life. (...) Knowingly sharing your work with others is the simplest way to take advantage of the new social tools. (There are also ways of unknowingly sharing your work, as when Google reads the linking preferences of hundreds of millions of Internet users. These users are helping create a communally available resource, as Flickr useres are, but unlike Flickr, the people whose work Google is aggregating aren't actively choosing to make their contributions." (p. 49)
• "And this is the Tragedy of the Commons: while each person can agree that all would benefit from common restraint, the inentives of the individual are arrayed against that outcome." (p. 52)
• "The essential advantage created by new social tools has been labeled "ridiculously easy group-forming" by the social scientist Seb Paquet." (p.54, Quelle: p. 329: http://radio.weblogs.com/0110772/2002/10/09.html
• "A profession exists to solve a hard problem, one that requires some sort of specialization." (p. 57)
• "Johannes Gutenberg's invention of movable type in the middle of the century had created a sudden and massive reduction in the difficulty of reproducing a written work. For the first time in history, a copy of a book could be created faster than it could be read." (p. 67)
• "Publish, then filter" (p. 81)
• "Fame is simply an imbalance between inbound and outbound attention, more arrows pointing in than out." (p. 91)
• "Weblogs won't destroy the one-way mirror of fame, and "interactive TV" is an oxymoron (...) Egalitarianism is possible only in small social systems." (p. 93)
• "Filtering as a Tool for Communities of Practice" (p. 97 ff.)
• "Filter-then-publish, whatever its advanteges, rested on a scarcity of media that is a thing of the past. The expansion of social media means that the only working system is publis-then-filter." (p. 98)
• "As the author and activist Cory Doctorow put it, "Conversation is king. Content is just something to talk about."" (p. 99)
• "Etienne Wenger calls a community of practice, a group of people who converse about some shared task in order to get better at it. John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid, in their book The Social Life of Information, put the dilemma this way: "What if HP kney what HP knows?"
• "The basic question "How did you do that?" seems like a simple request for a transfer of information, but when it takes place out in public, it is also a spur to such communities of practice, bridging the former gap between publishing and conversation. (p. 102 f.)
• "Life teaches us that motivations other than getting paid aren't enough to add up to serious work. And now we have to unlearn that lesson, because it is less true with each passing year. (...) Love motivates people to bake a cake and money motivates people to make an encyclopedia. Now, though, we can do big things for love." (p. 103 f.)
• "Amateur production, the result of all this new capability, means that the category of "consumer" is now a temporary behavior rather than a permanent identity." (p. 108)
• "[M]ost contributors to Wikipedia are lazy. The majority of contributors edit only one article, once, while the majority of the effort comes from a much smaller and more active group. (...) The second surprise is that the imbalance drives large social systems rather than damaging them. Fewer than two percent of Wikipedia users ever contribute, yet that is enough to create profound value for millions of users." (p. 121-125)
• "An editorial is meant to be a timely utterance of a single opinionated voice - the opposite of the characteristics that make for good wiki content. A wiki augments community rather than replacing it; in the absence of a functioning community, a wiki will suffer from the Tragedy of the Commons." (p. 137)
• "Wikipedia is a process, not a product" (p. 139) sowie das Beispiel des Shinto-Schreins.
• "Seen in that light, social tools don't create collective action - they merely remove the obstacles to it." (p. 159)
• "Replacing Planning with Coordination" (p. 172)
• "The Internet augments real-world social life rather than providing an alternative to it. Instead of becoming a separate cyberspace, our electronic networks are becoming deeply embedded in real life." (p. 196)
• "[Linus Torvalds] announced his intention to work on a simple and freely licensed system: "I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) ... I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise, I'll implement them :-)" (...) Linux go to be world-changingly good not by promising to be great, or by bringing paid developers together under the direction of some master plan, but by getting incrementally better, through voluntary contributions, one version at a time." (p. 238f.)
• "Open source is a profound threat, not because the open source ecosystem is outsucceeding commercial efforts but because it is outfailing them. (...) The overall effect of failure is its likelihood times its cost. Most organizations attempt to reduce the effect of failure by reducing its likelihood. (...) Cheap failure, valuable as it is on its own, is also a key part of a more complex advantage: the exploration of multiple possibilities. (...) In the open source world, trying something is often cheaper than making a formal decision about whether to try it." (p. 245-249)
• "Linux can take a good idea from anyone, and frequently does. It does more than give Microsoft a new competitor, as the disadvantages of the institutional dilemma are no longer uniformly borne by all entrants." (p. 252)
• "Bill Joy, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems, once put it, "No matter who you are, most of the smart people work for someone else." (p. 254)
• "This is not pure altruism; the person who teaches lears twice, the person who answers questions gets an improved reputation in the community, and the overall pattern of distributed and delayed payback - if I take care of you now, someone will take care of me later - is a very practical way of creating the social capital taht makes Perl useful in the first place." (p. 258)
• "With social tools the group is the user, so you need to convince individuals not just that they will find the group satisfying and effective but that others will find it so as well; no matter how appealing the promise, there's no point in being the only user of a social tool." (p. 263)
• "A FAQ is a social document, representing accumulated wisdom about the commonest questions that arise within a group." (p. 269)
• "The most profound effects of social tools lag their invention by years, because it isn't until they have a critical mass of adopters, adopters who take these tools for granted, that their real effects begin to appear." (p. 270)
• "Wikipedia lists a number of rules for the site (...) No direct enforcement mechanism is attached to these rules, but users periodoically invoke them when they are arguing about the content of an article." (p. 274)
• "(N)o effort ot creating group value can be successful without some form of governance." (p. 283)
• "Why is so much collective action focused on protest, with its emphasis on relatively short-term and negative goals?" (p. 311)

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