Johnson - Where Good Ideas Come From Exzerpt, E-Commerce
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| - | * "This is a book about the space of innovation. Some environments squelch new ideas; some environments seem to breed them effortlessly. The city and the Web have been such engines of innovation because, for complicated historical reasons, they are both environments that are powerfully suited for the creation, diffusion, and adoption of good ideas." (p. 16) | + | === Ö1-Club === |
| - | * "Coral reefs are sometimes called the "cities of the sea;" and part of the argument of this book is that we need to take the metaphor seriously: the reef ecosystem is so innovative in its exploitation of those nutrient-poor waters because it shares some defining characteristics with actual cities." (p. 18) | + | [http://oe1.orf.at/club/aktuell/ oe1.orf.at/club] <br /> |
| - | * "But the truth is, when one looks at innovation in nature and in culture, environments that build walls around good ideas tend to be less innovative in the long run than more open-ended envirnoments. Good ideas may not want to be free, but they do want to conntect, fuse, recombine. They want to reinvent themselves by crossing conceptual borders. They want to complete each other as much as they want to compete." (p. 22) | + | Club-Nummer: 81702 |
| - | * "The strange and beautiful truth about the adjacent possible is that its boundaries grow as you explore those boundaries. Each new combination ushers new combinations into the adjacent possible." (p. 31) | + | |
| - | * "Recall the question we began with: What kind of environment creates good ideas? The simplest way to answer it is this: innovative environments are better at helping their inhabitants explore the adjacent possible, because they expose a wide and diverse sample of spare parts - mechanical or conceptual - and they encourage novel ways of recombining those parts. Environments that block or limit those new combinations - by punishing experimentation, by obscuring certain branches of possibility, by making the current state so satisfying that no one bothers to explore the edges - will, on average, generate and circulate fewer innovations than environments that encourage exploration." (p. 41) | + | |
| - | * "What makes the history of dobule-entry so fascinating is the simple fact that no one seems to have claimed ownership of the techique despite its immense value to a capitalist enterprise. One of the essential instruments in the creation of modern capitalism appears to have been developed collectively, circulating through the liquid networks of Italy's cities." (p. 57) | + | |
| - | * "But as many critics have pointed out - most recently, the computer scientist and musician Jaron Lanier - large collectives are rarely capable of true creativity or innovation. (We have the term "herd mentality" for a reason.) When the first market towns emerged in Italy, they didn't magically create some higher-level group consciousness. They simply widened the pool of minds that could come up with and share good ideas. This is not the wisdom of the crowd, but the wisdom of ''someone'' in the crowd. It's not that the network itself is smart; it's that the individuals get smarter because they're connected to the network." (p. 58, emphasis in original) | + | |
| - | * "Sustaining the slow hunch is less a matter of perspiration than of ''cultivation''." (p. 78, emphasis in original) | + | |
| - | * "The premise that innovation prospers when ideas can serendipitously connect and recombine with other ideas, when hunches can stumble across other hunches that successfully fill in their blanks, may seem like an obvious truth, but the strange fact is that a great deal of the past two centuries of legal and folk wisdom about innovation has pursued the exact opposite argument, building walls between ideas, keeping them from the kind of random, serendipitous connections that exist in dreams and in the organic compounds of life. Ironically, those walls have been erected with the explicit aim of encouraging innovation. They go by many names: patents, digital rights management, intellectual property, trade secrets, proprietary technology." (p. 123) | + | |
| - | * "Patents actually have a complicated historical relationship to the idea of open information networks. While most patent law is exclusive in nature - forbidding non-patent-holders from using a patented "method" without permission for a finite time period - patent law also coventionally involves an element of disclosure, where the inventor is forced to reveal the nature of his or her creation in technical detail. The disclosure is obviously partly designed to help enforce the restrictions in cases of patent infringement, but it was also intended to encourage good ideas to spread more freely, by making them part of the public record. Unfortunately, the modern emergence of patent trolls and squatters, supported by overzealous intellectual property lawyers, means that the protective side of patent law has dominated the connective side."(FN 4, p. 124) | + | |
| - | * "In collaboration with Creative Commons, Nike released its patents under a modified license permitting use in "non-competitive" fields." (p. 125) | + | |
| - | * "As William James put it, "The error is needed to set off the truth, much as a dark background is required for exhibiting the brightness of a picture."" (p. 138) | + | |
| - | * "Big organizations like to follow perfectionist regimes like Six Sigma and Total Quality Management, entire systems devoted to eliminating error from the conference room or the assembly line, but it's no accident that one of the mantras of the Web startup world is ''fail faster''. It's not that mistakes are the goald - they're still mistakes, after all, which is why you want to get through them quickly." (p. 148) | + | |
| - | * Printing press as an example for exaptation: "As many scholars have noted, Gutenberg's printing press was a classic combinatorial innovation, more bricolage than breakthrough. (...) He took a machine designed to get people drunk and turned it into an engine for mass communication." (p. 152-153) | + | |
| - | * "If mutation and error and serendipity unlock new doors in the biosphere's adjacent possible, exaptations help us explore the new possibilities that lurk behind those doors." (p. 156) | + | |
| - | * "In ''The Act of Creation'', Arthur Koestler argued that "all decisive events in the history of scientific thought can be described in terms of mental cross-fertilization between different disciplines."" (p. 159, emphasis in original) | + | |
| - | * "Claude Fischer (...) in a seminal paper in 1975: big cities nurture ''subcultures'' much more effectively than suburbs or small towns. Lifestyles or interests that deviate from the mainstream need critical mass to survive;" (p. 160, emphasis in original) | + | |
| - | * On the strength of weak ties: "To a certain extent, Ruef's and Burt's research is a validation of the celebrated "strength of weak ties" argument first proposed by Mark Granovetter (...) From the perspective of innovation, it's even more important that the information arriving from one of those weak ties is coming from a different context, what the innovation scholar Richard Ogle calls an "idea-space": a complex of tools, beliefs, metaphors, and objects of study." (p. 167) | + | |
| - | * On the Apple-case (p. 171): "Apple's approach, by contrast, is messier and more chaotic at the beginning, but it avoids this chronic problem of good ideas being hollowed out as they progress through the development chain. Apple calls it concurrent or parallel production. All the groups - design, manufacturing, engineering, sales - meet continuously through the product-development cycle, brainstorming, trading ideas and solutions, strategizing over the most pressing issues, and generally keeping the conversation open to a diverse group of perspectives." (p. 171; Anm.: entspricht eben einer intra-organisationalen Allemende, was unter anderem redundantes Wissen/Kompetenzen erzeugt) | + | |
| - | * "Jane Jacobs (...) "If you look about, you will see that only operations that are well established, high-turnover, standardized or heavily subsidized can afford, commonly, to carry the costs of new construction," Jacobs wrote. "Chain stores, chain restaurants and banks go into new construction. But neighborhood bars, foreign restaurants and pawn shops go into older buildings."" (p. 199) | + | |
| - | * "Darwin's Paradox ceases to be a paradox at all. The symbiotic relationship between coral and zooxanthella increases the total energy captured from the sun, and the tight nutrient cycles created by the productive reuse of energy sources by so many densely interconnected species means that the habitat can do much more with less. (...) It is not competition that drives that process, but rather the inventive collaborations of density." (p. 202; Anm.: Density ''and'' diversity probably) | + | |
| - | * On open APIs: "You can build on all of them without asking for permission, and when you don't have to ask for permission, innovation thrives." (p. 209; Anm.: da ist auch die Kernidee hinter Creative-Commons-Lizenzen) | + | |
| - | * "It is in the nature of good ideas to stand on the shoulders of the giants who came before them, which means that by some measure, every important innovation is fundamentally a network affair." (p. 221) | + | |
| - | * "All of the patterns of innovation we have observed in the previous chapters - liquid networks, slow hunches, serendipity, noise, exaptation, emergent platforms - do best in open environments where ideas flow in unregulated channels." (p. 232) | + | |
| - | * "The consequence of this is that private-sector firms who are intent on protecting their intellectual assets have to invest time and money in building barricades of artificial scarcity. Participants in the fourth quadrant don't have those costs: they can concentrate on coming up with new ideas, not building fortresses around the old ones." (p. 235) | + | |
| - | * "Competition and the profit motive do indeed motivate us to turn good ideas into shipping products, but more often than not, the ideas themselves come from somewhere else." (p. 239) | + | |
| - | * "the Internet, probably the clearest example of the way that public- and private-sector innovation can complement each other." (p. 243) | + | |
| - | * "What makes the reef so inventive is not the struggle between the organisms but the way they have learned to collaborat (...) You do business in the big city, but the city itself belongs to everyone. ("City air is free air," as the old saying goes.) Ideas collide, emerge, recombine; new enterprises find homes in the shells abandoned by earlier hostst; informal hubs allow different disciplines to borrow from one another." (p. 245) | + | |
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Version vom 14:10, 6. Dez 2010
Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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